The Salt Lottery: Why Menu Labels Are Usually Wrong

Menu labels are supposed to help us make healthier choices. They are policy in action – mandatory calorie disclosure, salt content warnings, traffic lights and NutriScore. There is just a small problem: they are more often wrong than they are right.

We measured the salt content in takeaways from both local shops and major chains. The variation was startling – not just between outlets, but day-to-day at the same location. And when we compared our measurements to what the labels claimed? The labels failed more often than they succeeded.

Horizontal bar chart titled "The Salt Lottery", showing salt content (in grams per dish) for various takeaway-style meals from two locations labelled (A) and (B). The x-axis runs from 0 to 8 grams of salt. Each dish is represented by a horizontal bar with:  A green circle (best/lowest salt), An orange diamond (menu label / stated value), A red circle (worst/highest salt), And a grey bar connecting the range of measured values.  Dishes are ordered from highest variability / highest salt at the top to lowest at the bottom. Key findings include:  Kebab (A) has the widest range (~1.2–6.2 g), with the single highest individual measurement. Vegan curry (A), vegan burger (A), and several other vegan options show moderate to high variability. Chips (B) has the lowest and most consistent salt (~0.8–1.8 g). Non-vegan kebabs, curries, burgers and chicken dishes generally range between ~2–5 g, with many showing substantial differences between labelled and measured values.  Orange diamonds (menu stated values) frequently sit outside or at the edge of the measured range, illustrating inconsistent or misleading salt labelling across the tested dishes. This visualisation highlights the unpredictability of salt content in fast food, especially for kebabs, curries and burgers.

Salt-content measured in take-aways. The orange diamond shows the amount stated on food labels. Data from Mavrochefalos et al. (2026)

This isn’t trivial variation. For someone managing hypertension and trying to stay under 6g daily salt intake, these measurement errors can mean the difference between compliance and excess – they would just never know.

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Originally published on Substack.

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